The National Council of Teachers of Mathematics Principles and Standards for School Mathematics (2000) describes mathematics in terms of content and process. Content includes topics that often are considered part of school mathematics, categorized as number and operations, algebra, geometry, measurement, and data analysis and probability. Process includes ways of acquiring or using content, categorized as problem solving, reasoning and proof, communication, connections, and representations.
Making connections discusses the difference in meaning between “connections” in Principles and Standards and “making connections” in the TIMSS Video Study. Problems and problem solving includes a discussion of problem solving. Proof discusses issues related to reasoning and proof.
National Council of Teachers of Mathematics (2000). Principles and standards of school mathematics. Reston, VA: Author.
U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics (March 2003). Teaching mathematics in seven countries: Results from the TIMSS 1999 Video Study, NCES (2003-013), by A. M.-Y. Chiu, W. Etterbeek, R. Gallimore, H. Garnier, K. Bogard Givvin, P. Gonzales, J. Hiebert, H. Hollingsworth, J. Jacobs, N. Kersting, A. Manaster, C. Manaster, M. Smith, J. Stigler, E. Tseng, and D. Wearne. Washington, DC: Author.
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